Mikhail Gorbachev - the last leader of the USSR whose failure to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union after the Cold War is despised by Russian nationalists including Vladimir Putin - has died at the age of 91, Russian news agencies cited hospital officials as saying.
The Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow said that the former Soviet leader died 'after a serious and long illness' but gave no other details, according to the Interfax, TASS and RIA Novosti news agencies.
Gorbachev had been suffering from long term kidney problems and was on dialysis - and had been confined to a clinic during the Covid pandemic.
Though in power less than seven years, Gorbachev unleashed a series of reforms that resulted in breathtaking changes, including the reunification of Germany, the collapse of Stalin's empire, the liberation of Eastern European nations including Poland, Ukraine and the Baltic republics from decades of Russian domination, and the end of the nuclear confrontation with the West.
In a statement, Putin's spin doctors said the Russian President - who has called the collapse of the USSR the 'greatest geopolitical catastrophe' of the 20th century - expresses 'deep sympathies' over Gorbachev's death. Reacting to the news, Western leaders including Britain's Prime Minister Boris Johnson hailed the former Soviet ruler as 'trusted and respected', while UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called Gorbachev a 'a one-of-a kind statesman who changed the course of history' and 'did more than any other individual to bring about the peaceful end of the Cold War'.
On becoming general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985 at the age of 54, Gorbachev inherited a vast empire in decline - and set out to revitalise the system by introducing limited political and economic freedoms. His policy of 'glasnost' - free speech - allowed previously unthinkable criticism of the party and the state, but it also emboldened nationalists who began to press for independence in the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and elsewhere.