Shortly after the founding of Israel in 1947 by the U.N., a coalition of surrounding Muslim countries attacked Israel and waged war on them. That war lasted 10 months and at the end of it Israel not only controlled their own area but 60% of the area proposed for the Palestinian state.
I think that for the historical context, we should think about the events leading up to the war:
The Palestine Mandate in 1923, as part of the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, reaffirmed the 1917 British commitment to the
Balfour Declaration for establishing a "National Home" for the Jewish people in Palestine, with the prerogative to carry it out. A British census of 1918 estimated 700,000 Arabs and 56,000 Jews.
1937, following a six-month-long
Arab General Strike and armed insurrection, which aimed to pursue national independence and secure the country from foreign control, the British established the Peel Commission. The Commission concluded that the Mandate had become unworkable and recommended partition into an Arab state linked to Transjordan, a small Jewish state, and a mandatory zone. To address problems arising from the presence of national minorities in each area, it suggested a land and
population transfer involving the transfer of some 225,000 Arabs living in the envisaged Jewish state and 1,250 Jews living in a future Arab state, a measure deemed compulsory "in the last resort".
The 1947ā1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine was a significant precursor to the establishment of the State of Israel and the subsequent Arab-Israeli conflicts.
UN Partition Plan (1947): In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted to partition Mandatory Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem as an international city. The Arab state was to have a territory of 11,100 square kilometres or 42%, the Jewish state a territory of 14,100 square kilometres or 56%, while the remaining 2%ācomprising the cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem and the adjoining areaāwould become an international zone. The Jewish leadership accepted the plan, but the Arab leadership rejected it, viewing it as unjust.
The Plan sought to address the conflicting objectives and claims of two competing movements, Palestinian nationalism and Jewish nationalism, or Zionism. Zionist leaders, in particular David Ben-Gurion, viewed the acceptance of the plan as a tactical step and a stepping stone to future territorial expansion over all of Palestine. The Arab Higher Committee, the Arab League, and other Arab leaders and governments rejected it because, in addition to the Arabs forming a two-thirds majority, they owned most of the land. They also indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division, arguing that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter, which grants people the right to decide their own destiny.
President Truman later noted, "The facts were that not only were there pressure movements around the United Nations unlike anything that had been seen there before, but that the White House, too, was subjected to a constant barrage. I do not think I ever had as much pressure and propaganda aimed at the White House as I had in this instance. The persistence of a few of the extreme Zionist leadersāactuated by political motives and engaging in political threatsādisturbed and annoyed me."
Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru spoke with anger and contempt for how the UN vote had been lined up. He said the Zionists had tried to bribe India with millions, and at the same time, his sister, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, the Indian ambassador to the UN, had received daily warnings that her life was in danger unless "she voted right". Pandit occasionally hinted that something might change in favour of the Zionists. But another Indian delegate, Kavallam Pannikar, said that India would vote for the Arab side, because of their large Muslim minority, although they knew that the Jews had a case.
Shortly before the vote, France's delegate to the United Nations was visited by Bernard Baruch, a long-term Jewish supporter of the Democratic Party who, during the recent world war, had been an economic adviser to President Roosevelt and had latterly been appointed by President Truman as United States ambassador to the newly created UN Atomic Energy Commission. He was, privately, a supporter of the Irgun and its front organisation, the American League for a Free Palestine. Baruch implied that a French failure to support the resolution might block planned American aid to France, which was badly needed for reconstruction, French currency reserves being exhausted and its balance of payments heavily in deficit.
Previously, to avoid antagonising its Arab colonies, France had not publicly supported the resolution. After considering the danger of American aid being withheld, France finally voted in favour of it. So, too, did France's neighbours, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
Violence Erupts: Following the UN decision, violence erupted between Jewish and Arab communities in Mandatory Palestine. Both sides engaged in attacks and reprisals, leading to escalating tensions and casualties on both sides.