Earth’s population is at about 7.8 billion and rising. It’s theorized that the population will reach a peak of around 10 million in about 2080 unless it declines at some point before then. Some scientists predict a major decline in population sometime around the year 2100 or within a couple decades after the peak. Many are observing a decline now, and this is not a good thing, at least not economically.
At 10 million, setting aside deserts, arctic regions, and its highest mountain ranges, the earth will have an estimated 1 and ½ acres per person of inhabitable land. Considering tall apartment buildings, that’s more than enough acreage.
As for food production, we already produce way more food than we need, however if we all ate like Americans, we may have a problem when the population peaks. The issue with food is not production but distribution and the only issue there is poverty.
A bigger problem than the fair distribution of food is the fair distribution of fresh water. There again, Americans consume and waste more water than anyone else…nearly 250 times more.
What about resources such as metals and hydrocarbons? Scientists say it’s imperative we discover new resources soon. We are looking, and every year we are finding new places to dig, bore, drain, and syphon earth’s natural resources for use in technology, medicine, and our general comfort, but currently, there is no way to accurately guess the sustainability levels of our methods and earth’s available resources, so science is exploring alternative resources.
There are hundreds of studies out there about the earth’s capability to support its population that vary so widely (from 500 million people to 1 trillion) that I won’t make any guesses. But I won’t be at all surprised if AI actually helps solve the problems of fair distribution of food, water, habitable land, and resources.