History, anything goes, including pictures

20 May 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church.

The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops from Thursday, 20 May 325 to Saturday, 19 June 325 convened in the ancient Bithynian city of Nicaea in Turkey by the Roman Emperor Constantine I. Constantine I organised the council along the lines of the Roman Senate and presided over it, but did not cast any official vote.

Fresco depicting the Council of Nicaea, 16th-century. Sistine Chapel, Vatican city.
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Constantine had invited all 1,800 bishops of the Christian church within the Roman Empire, about 1,000 in the east and 800 in the west, but a smaller and unknown number attended. Delegates came from every region of the Roman Empire, including Britain.

This ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the Church through an assembly representing all of Christendom. Its main accomplishments were settlement of the Christological issue of the divine nature of God the Son and his relationship to God the Father, the construction of the first part of the Nicene Creed, a statement of belief, establishing uniform observance of the date of Easter, and the promulgation of early canon law, a set of rules made by the Church leadership for the government of a Christian organisation or church and its members.

The council introduced twenty new laws including prohibition of self-castration, prohibition of kneeling on Sundays and during the Pentecost, and prohibition of the presence in the house of a cleric of a younger woman who might bring him under suspicion.
 

20 May 526 – Antioch earthquake kills about 250,000 people in what is now Syria and Antiochia.

The 526 Antioch earthquake hit Syria and Antioch in the Byzantine Empire during late May, probably between May 20–29, at mid-morning, killing approximately 250,000 people. The earthquake was followed by a fire that destroyed most of the buildings left standing by the earthquake.

Antioch was founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. The city's geographical, military, and economic location benefited its occupants, particularly such features as the spice trade, the Silk Road, and the Persian Royal Road. It eventually rivalled Alexandria as the chief city of the Near East. The city was a metropolis of half a million people by Augustan times, 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD.

A modern depiction of ancient Antioch. Antioch was called "the cradle of Christianity" as a result of its longevity and the pivotal role that it played in the emergence of both Hellenistic Judaism and early Christianity. The Christian New Testament asserts that the name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch.

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The 526 earthquake caused severe damage to many of the buildings in Antioch, including Constantine's great octagonal church Domus Aurea built on an island in the Orontes River. Only houses built close to the mountain are said to have survived. Most of the damage however, was a result of the fires that went on for many days in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, made worse by the wind.
 
RnR said:
Really interesting, thanks Pappy. Boldt Castle is now maintained by the Thousand Islands Bridge Authority as a tourist attraction. The TIBA has done a marvellous job of restoring it IMO.
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Many years ago, we took the tour around the islands and the captain took us by the castle, but it was not open to the public yet. Trying to remember the name of the tour company. It’s been there for years.
 

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“Wait for Me, Daddy” is an iconic photo taken by Claude P. Dettloff on October 1, 1940, of The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught’s Own Rifles) marching down Eighth Street at the Columbia Street intersection, New Westminster, Canada. Pictured are five-year-old Warren “Whitey” Bernard and his parents Bernice and Jack Bernard, as the family was about to be separated by the war. The picture received extensive exposure and was used in war-bond drives.


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Father and son after the war was over.
 
21 May 1703 – Daniel Defoe is imprisoned on charges of seditious libel.

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe, which is second only to the Bible in its number of translations. Defoe is noted for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain.

Defoe was a prolific and versatile writer, producing more than three hundred works — books, pamphlets, and journals — on diverse topics, including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology, and the supernatural. He was also a pioneer of business journalism and economic journalism. Intellectuals and political leaders paid attention to his fresh ideas and sometimes consulted with him. He was often was in trouble with the authorities, including prison time.

From 1697 to 1698, he defended the right of King William III to a standing army during disarmament and defended the king against the perceived xenophobia of his enemies, satirising the English claim to racial purity. The death of William III in 1702 once again created a political upheaval. Defoe was a natural target of Queen Anne, and his pamphleteering and political activities resulted in his arrest.

Daniel Defoe in the pillory. Line engraving by James Charles Armytage after Eyre Crowe, 1862.

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In May 1703 he was charged with seditious libel. Defoe was found guilty on 21 May 1703 after a trial at the Old Bailey in front of the notoriously sadistic judge Salathiel Lovell. Lovell sentenced him to a punitive fine of 200 marks, to public humiliation in a pillory, and to an indeterminate length of imprisonment which would only end upon the discharge of the punitive fine.

Daniel Defoe died on 24 April 1731, probably while in hiding from his creditors. He was interred in Bunhill Fields, London, where a monument was erected to his memory in 1870.
 
21 May 1860 — Willem Einthoven, Indonesian-Dutch physician, physiologist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate is born.

Willem Einthoven (21 May 1860 – 29 September 1927) was a Dutch doctor and physiologist. Einthoven invented the first practical electrocardiogram or ECG in 1895 and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram".

L: Willem Einthoven in 1903 in his laboratory, in the background is the team that served his first device. R: “electrocardiography to an ECG”. Below: the first ECG of a person.

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The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, needed 5 people to operate it and weighed some 270 kilograms.
 
I'm sure this has been posted somewhere in this group before. Here is the Tenbridge, crossing the Tennessee River at Chickamauga Dam. Originally built in 1880 as a swing bridge, it was rebuilt in the 1920's as a lift bridge. I remember growing up wondering who lived in the little house at the top. I have been told that it still lifts but I have never seen it up. Here is a great YouTube video of it:
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22 May 1455 – The famous Wars of the Roses commences at the First Battle of St Albans, when Richard Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.

Upon assuming personal rule in 1437, Henry VI found his realm in a difficult position. In the midst of military disasters in France, a collapse of law and order in England and conflicts amongst the nobility, the queen and the king's councillors came under criticism and accusations, coming especially from Henry VI's increasingly popular cousin Richard of the House of York, of misconduct of the war in France and misrule of the country. Starting in 1453, Henry began suffering a series of mental breakdowns. Tensions mounted between the Queen, Margaret of Anjou and Richard of York over control of the government of the weak and incapacitated king, and over the question of succession to the throne. Growing tensions led to the Wars of the Roses.

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The beginning of the Wars of the Roses is traditionally marked by the First Battle of St Albans, fought on 22 May 1455 at St Albans, 35 kilometres north of London. Richard, Duke of York and his allies, the Neville Earls of Salisbury and Warwick, defeated a royal army commanded by Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, who was killed.
 
22 May 1762 – Trevi Fountain in Rome is officially completed and inaugurated by Pope Clemens XIII.

The Trevi Fountain in Rome, Italy, was designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Bracci. It is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world. Work began in 1732 and the fountain was completed in 1762.

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The fountain, named for its location at the junction of three roads (tre vie), marks the terminal point of the "modern" Acqua Vergine. The name Acqua Vergine derives from its predecessor Aqua Virgo, which was constructed by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 19 BC. The Aqua Virgo led the water into the Baths of Agrippa and served Rome for more than 400 years.
 
22 May 1859 – Arthur Conan Doyle, British writer and creator of Sherlock Holmes is born.

Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish writer best known for his detective fiction featuring the character Sherlock Holmes. Originally a physician, in 1887 he published A Study in Scarlet, the first of four novels about Holmes and Dr. Watson. In addition, Doyle wrote over fifty short stories featuring the famous detective. The Sherlock Holmes stories are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction.

Doyle was a prolific writer; his non-Sherlockian works include fantasy and science fiction stories about Professor Challenger and humorous stories about the Napoleonic soldier Brigadier Gerard, as well as plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction and historical novels. One of Doyle's early short stories, "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement", helped to popularise the mystery of the Mary Celeste.

Portrait of Conan Doyle by Herbert Rose Barraud, 1893. Doyle in 1930, the year of his death, with his son Adrian.

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Doyle had a longstanding interest in mystical subjects. He became a Freemason for a time, began a series of psychic investigations and remained fascinated by the paranormal. Doyle became a Spiritualist and his second wife, Jean, became a self-proclaimed medium and purveyor of automatic writing. He authored both fiction and non-fiction works on Spiritualism with perhaps his most famous being The Coming of the Fairies 1922 which reveals Doyle’s conviction in the veracity of the five Cottingley Fairies photographs, which he reproduced in the book.

Doyle was a staunch supporter of compulsory vaccination and wrote several articles advocating for the practice and denouncing the views of anti-vaccinators.
 
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John Steinbeck pictured in 1962, the year he won his Nobel prize. Photograph: Bettmann/Bettmann Archive

Years before becoming one of America’s most celebrated authors, John Steinbeck wrote at least three novels which were never published. Two of them were destroyed by the young writer as he struggled to make his name, but a third – a full-length mystery werewolf story entitled Murder at Full Moon – has survived unseen in an archive ever since being rejected for publication in 1930.

Now a British academic is calling for the Steinbeck estate to finally allow the publication of the work, written almost a decade before masterpieces such as The Grapes of Wrath, his epic about the Great Depression and the struggles of migrant farm workers.

Source: The Guardian

Loved his work.
 
mellowyellow said:
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Bob Dylan turns 80
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Hard to believe he's 80... what a talent over the years.

Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on 24 May 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, author and visual artist. Often regarded as one of the greatest songwriters of all time, Dylan has been a major figure in popular culture during a career spanning nearly 60 years.

Since 1994, Dylan has published eight books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. He has sold more than 100 million records, making him one of the best-selling musicians of all time. He has received numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, ten Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
 
mellowyellow said:
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The Pillow Fight – Credit: Harry Benson 1964.
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Found this interesting.

Harry Benson didn’t want to meet the Beatles. The famous Glasgow-born photographer had plans to cover a news story in Africa when he was assigned to photograph the musicians in Paris. “I took myself for a serious journalist and I didn’t want to cover a rock ’n’ roll story,” he scoffed. But once he met the boys from Liverpool and heard them play, Benson had no desire to leave. “I thought, ‘God, I’m on the right story.’ ” The Beatles were on the cusp of greatness, and Benson was in the middle of it. His pillow-fight photo, taken in the swanky George V Hotel the night the band found out “I Want to Hold Your Hand” hit No. 1 in the U.S., freezes John, Paul, George and Ringo in an exuberant cascade of boyish talent—and perhaps their last moment of unbridled innocence.
 
23 May 1873 – The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police, the forerunner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

In 1873, the Canadian Prime Minister, Sir John Macdonald, made plans to create a 200-strong mounted police force to maintain order in the region and along its border. Such a force, he thought, would enable the colonisation of the region and be much cheaper than deploying regular military units for the task.

Mounted police preparing to leave Fort Dufferin in 1874. Depicted by Henri Julien. The first photo taken in Calgary ... which includes Mounted police and members of the Blackfoot First Nation at Fort Calgary in 1878.

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Over the next few years, the police extended Canadian law across the region, establishing good working relationships with the First Nations. The mounted police assisted in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, including relocating indigenous communities living along the route. The force established a wide network of posts and patrols, enabling them to protect and assist the ranchers who created huge cattle businesses across the prairies.
 
23 May 1934 – Infamous American bank robbers Bonnie and Clyde are ambushed by police and killed in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.

Bonnie Elizabeth Parker and Clyde Chestnut Barrow also known as Clyde Champion Barrow were American criminals who travelled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing people and killing when cornered or confronted. The couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near Sailes, Bienville Parish, Louisiana on 23 May 1934.

Bonnie and Clyde in March 1933 in a photo found by police at an abandoned hideout. On 23 May 1934, over a dozen guns and several thousand rounds of ammunition were found in the Ford car they were killed in.

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At approximately 9:15 a.m. on May 23, the posse, concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, heard Barrow's stolen Ford V8 approaching at a high speed. The lawmen opened fire, killing Barrow and Parker while shooting a combined total of about 130 rounds. Their gunfire was so loud, the posse suffered temporary deafness all afternoon.
 
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Female snipers of the Soviet 3rd Shock Army. Bottom Row, left to right: 20, 80, and 83 confirmed kills. Second row: 24, 79, 70. Third row: 70, 89, 89, 83. Top row: 64 and 24 confirmed kills. Germany, May 4, 1945.
 
24 May 1487 – The great imposter ... ten-year-old Lambert Simnel is crowned in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland, with the name of Edward VI in a bid to threaten King Henry VII's reign.

Lambert Simnel was born around 1477. His real name is not known, contemporary records call him John, not Lambert, and even his surname is suspect. Different sources have different claims of his parentage, from a baker and tradesman to organ builder. Most definitely, he was of humble origin. At the age of about ten, Lambert Simnel was taken as a pupil by an Oxford-trained priest named Richard Simon. Simon noticed a striking resemblance between Simnel and the sons of Edward IV. Simon heard rumours, false at the time, that the Earl of Warwick had died during his imprisonment in the Tower of London. The real Warwick was a boy of about the same age, having been born in 1475. Simon spread a rumour that Warwick had actually escaped from the Tower and was under his guardianship.

Simon tutored the boy in courtly manners. He was taught the necessary etiquette and was well educated by Simon. Simon took Simnel to Ireland where there was still support for the Yorkist cause, and presented him to the head of the Irish government, the Earl of Kildare. Lord Kildare was willing to support the bogus story and invade England to overthrow King Henry VII. On 24 May 1487, Lambert Simnel was crowned in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin as "King Edward VI".

After his coronation, Lambert Simnel was paraded through the streets, carried on the shoulders of "the tallest man of the time", an individual called D'Arcy of Platten. Henry sentencing Lambert Simnel and his Tutor, British Museum. Drawing of Lambert Simnel in the royal kitchen of Henry VII after the defeat at Stoke Field.

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King Henry pardoned young Simnel, probably because he recognised that Simnel had merely been a puppet in the hands of adults, and put him to work in the royal kitchen as a spit-turner. When he grew older, he became a falconer.
 

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